Impact of Microplastics on Human Health: Experimental Evidence and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) (<5 mm) and nanoplastics (NPs) (<1 µm) are found in food, air, and water, entering the body through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Experimental and observational studies show changes in the gut microbiome, chronic inflammation, cardiovascular toxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive dysfunction. This article summarizes recent findings, including methods, experimental models, the extent of effects, and research limitations.